wife and Beauty 
Critique of Judgement, or:
The science of female beauty
in art, medicine and anthropology of the century
we believe a published in January 1996 Science Report by Dieter E. Zimmer in TIME magazine, so we are seeing the end of the 20th Century, the birth of a fascinating new field of knowledge, the goal is nothing less than the question "What is man" if it were the modern study of human beauty, in good "humanist" tradition was formulated in gender-neutral. Therefore adds to the collage of the headline, next to all sorts of feminine icons of Western culture history - from the Venus of Willensdorfer to model Daniella casually illustrious and Michelangelo's David in the society.
In a mixture of curly "Myth and Truth" presents the latest scientific knowledge, notwithstanding that there were historical and social variability constant and universal ideal of beauty of humanity. The evidence ranges from the beautiful Helen to the Judgement of Paris, from the Pleistocene to the computer age, psychological tests on chimpanzees, infants and adults, so come by sloppy medical explanations ("acne and hirsutism! ('Ugly') [point] to an increased serum testosterone levels and ovarian problems out ") and suggesting objectivity be technicistic vocabulary (VTH: the ratio of waist and hip measurements that the" interaction of all the most beautiful "at a low of 0.7 to 0.8) to questionable compliments and an underlying envy of the supposed social benefits of beauty. It is intended that in particular against the so-primed "cultural determinist" and a supposed seven decades unchallenged dominant paradigm of the socio-culturally of the people. But is the only protagonist of this apparently now outdated theory, feminist Naomi Wolf, author of The Myth Beauty * called that an "extremely radical" position is assumed.
The result is the impression that the author was almost welcome, will finally return to have a tool that actually existing social Difference "to substantiate millimeter as empirical" in a position, in other words. Using bio-science and behavioral psychology explanations to legitimize That the argument is not neutral and universal at the "universally human" oriented, but stable gender attributions based on sets and transported ,
is however clear from the results and interpretations of the cited tests: for example, if it is not questioned,
that would in females, an average face generally judged the most beautiful, in the male physiognomy of the "law" but surprisingly fail . The latter is justified because, with that through the computerized blending the "pine-edged roles" and "bulging eyes, eyebrows, obviously form a key feature of male beauty," would be blurred.
The fact that women (heterosexual) partner selection generally still rather on status, but men tend to make for beauty would be irritated, the author little: For the thesis of the "structural powerlessness of the female sex" should refuted apply
articles. based in part on the recently published book by the Berlin political analyst Bernd Guggenberger * Just beautiful who was a few years ago also emerged as a popular topic relevant to the already-TIME author. In his article with the suggestive, but grammatically unsatisfactory Title: Are women more beautiful? He urged in particular "feminists", but finally to give up their criticism of the patriarchal beauty postulate and concentrate again more on the "social power of beauty."
The suspicion that here is less an old-fashioned romance of old men as a much-longer wants to establish a modern antifeminist "back-lash" discourse, is just too close. Contrary to the claim that it was an entirely new science of man in the creation I would like the following to the historical Precursor of this kind of beauty research go to the turn of the century. Looking to the story could the racist and sexist implications of an expanding range of the so-called human sciences will be seen, not least because of the continuities and since the Nazi biopolitics of the utmost urgency.
Surprising parallels in fact - to the sold as red-hot statistical values and supposedly objective numbers - in the publications of the German gynecologist, anthropologists and medical writer Carl Heinrich Stratz: The beauty of the female body in 1898 and the breed beauty of the woman of 1901, the both richly illustrated with photographs of nudes, enjoyed an immense popularity and re-issued until 1941 wurden.7 example, reasoned Stratz its restriction to female test material in the scientific evaluation of "racial beauty" so that finally, in nature the females, the "species" represented in Unlike the male, which would be caused by external characteristics such as facial hair, mane, feathers or horns for the "Individual". " The result not only of Darwin postulation, after the course of human history, the gender difference could only increasingly pronounced, meaning that roughly Members' low standing "races and classes less pronounced signs of" femininity "and" masculinity "had, we now understand the significance of massive brow and strong strong jaws - not to be confused about with atavism - for the construction of" masculinity "in 1996.
The only one that played in the TIME article on an already existing scientific tradition speaks for itself as well. That the method of composite portraits in 1883 to identify prototypical criminals or sick-faces, therefore, looking for signs of deviants, criminals, degenerates and pathology was invented, namely the beauty of today's computer investigation does not detract surprisingly. Against the alleged representation and objectivity of the thus obtained physiognomy is to be noted only that they usually have serious selection procedures previously: for example, when combined only within the categories of age, class, race and gender. In an effort a determined racial or national "Einheitsvisage"
to create, or, in other words, to construct identities, is also disregarded the not insignificant fact common, that "man" always . A "mixture" and was chosen despite prolonged life expectancy, it is still just like a hundred years of demonstrated scientifically: "Universal are attractive young women - and women in it were exactly reproduktivsten age 16 to 25
To turn of the century, the claim of superiority and universal validity of a white ideal of beauty, a representative of constructing norms for all into the Venus de Medici, Stratz real concern. I have shown that absoluteness of a normative beauty concept only since the evolutionary theories that Western civilization to the object and purpose human "natural history" defined be formulated. but had also been the founder of the Anthropology Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, rumored to 1800 the opinion that one of the five "Hauptvarietäten" of the human race, the "Caucasian" believe to be the most beautiful, it was yet - qualification, - that probably all Beauty had its own ideas and reports of "ugliness" and "abominations" of the others are exaggerated mostly foreign. However, there are aesthetic criteria that should work as a result the racial doctrines, in which Stratz with the separate scientific detection of the female body - for him a desideratum - Enqueues. The Venus of media is for him the standard by which thousands of women measured meticulously were, and - even for white women pretty inaccessible - highest level in the hierarchy of racial beauty features, which are combined in a separate table at the end of the book. A resonance to find these Euro-centric and racist assessment in today's seemingly liberal statement: "The mixing of different ethnic origins, European, African, Asian, limiting the attractiveness of not" a there's mitformuliert in it an otherwise expected, and certainly the matrix for such experiments should be white-European face. The conducted to date popular "beauty contest", first in the 20 years in the U.S., were Stratz anticipated conceptually already:
"In order to determine the natural racial ideal in flesh and blood, we rely on the comparison of photographic reproductions , and thus again banned in certain limits.
Unfortunately it is not possible to select a country from all the beautiful art of beauty to be photographed and then put into a men's audience inclined than the paragon of female beauty at your feet. "
It is interesting that It also has a media "comparison" is, made possible by new techniques of reproduction only. The parallels could be many more miles, but I would like the socio-political context within which the writings of a Stratz could be so successful could sketch out briefly to rebut been made about the argument that it had nothing more serious, pseudo-scientific Elaborate an individual, but the science do not affect as such, acted.
To the turn of the century
flood came from budget put up picture books as
about "the beauty of women in the transformation of art and taste "
" The feminine ideal of beauty in painting "
" The woman in art "
" The beautiful woman in the art "
" The woman in the ancient Kun t "
" The representation of women in modern art " us w.
The new interest in the ideal female form is (not in the human female as a person, with intelligence and feeling) for the observer in relation to the reformatting of the viewer's gaze paragraphs in the wake of the Lex Heinze debate, the threat of a tightening of immorality. Far from their voyeuristic pleasure at sight of the to address naked, strove those authors who entered the most decisive for the "artistic freedom" and against any government censorship, to assert their moral perfect, purely aesthetic view to the feared state control.
With Foucault can therefore be said that The view of power had in the conduct of those who presented himself as a liberation fighter, already enrolled. The morally most rigid representative of a "free and uncensored depiction of the nude, like Richard storm, Paul Schultze-Naumburg and Ernst Wilhelm Bredt were in fact the most implacable opponents of the prevailing immorality, as they showed them, particularly in the disturbing phenomena of the modern city. They advocated for the visual arts including photography, the return to a conception of the body, as she seemed to realize them exemplary in the noble forms of Hellenistic sculpture. You almost missionary zeal was focussed against the corset, not only, mutilation because the female body and the childbearing affects (this had already stated Sömmerring 1800), but it was a sign of the "other" of the feminine, of decadence and vice almost demonized.
By uncovering and unmasking of the "masquerade" is thus supposed to everything had to remain hidden and concealed within the Corsettagen proceed to. Why did people react when so violently against any form of non-moralistic view of prostitutes (that is literally "pornographic"), whether in contemporary nudes, in kitsch and trash, "which was awarded the" formless "is set analog, but also . in works of high art Bredt considered such as Sir Joshua Reynolds portrait of Miss Kitty Fischer for a highly questionable, downright obscene picture, as would be glorified in him "immoral good life" without "artistic power": It would get a different sense, if such would be " The famous prostitute of her time.
as the task of popular education was seen, however, "
healthy and normal shoots (in men!) over the visual range (different, and therefore interchangeable women! promote) and morally harmful to eradicate
... That it population policy in the regulation of male taste of representations of the female to "selection", the improvement of race and finishing of the body politic, was, was not even particularly laminated.
The shift of the pornography on a purely aesthetic or scientific interest could therefore be with reference to art history and the internalization of advanced degeneration and race theories equally supported and legitimized.
So it is only logical that Stratz his compendium on women's beauty, "the mothers, doctors and artists," was dedicated. The addressing of these groups is significant and will be explained below. Former is advised
their adolescent daughters, even without physical complaints regular medical check-ups to make-,
possible to not only health but also aesthetic "damages" in time to prevent. It will join the work in educational treatises such as Kallipädie or guardian to the beauty of the Leipzig orthopedic Daniel Gottlieb Schreber, the first time in 1858 erschien.21 There are, however, "children" objects (people) care measures that should be used with the help of hygiene, exercise, appropriate games and lessons to physically and mentally perfect adults. Differentiated are the remarks by age, by sex hardly. The evaluation and promotion of a specifically female beauty is not given special attention, on the contrary should be the education of girls excessive vanity can be avoided.
The dedication to the mothers at Stratz shows further that this itself is not (more) come as bearers of beauty in question (see Figure 3), but involved as producers and accomplices in the pre-breeding of future beauties in the health policies will have.
, determined to a wider audience, "literature" on women's beauty and has health n their predecessors in the popular since the 18th century
woman almanacs , in which more or less useful advice on how to "promote, support, maintain or restore" published of female beauty were . While it is true that here the modeling of the female is prepared for "beautiful" sex. In contrast to the later paradigm of a simple and pure "natural" beauty of the woman, however, appears here always in conjunction with the properties of grace and virtue. Artificial aids, such as fashion and makeup are still quite legitimate, and even drinking is sometimes considered a cosmetic tip. Although sometimes also written by physicians, these texts are by today's amazing scruples enrolled to make about the propriety of the female body visible way beyond statements: from the Beauty and care of the face, hair, breast and arms is an author such as delay of treatment of the feet and leaves out the intermediate parts of shame or tactfully.
In contrast, it is about the turn of the century on a sober inventory of the entire female body, which is taken stripped and brought to the scientific instrument of the photographic apparatus, more than a place of deviation, deformation and sickness. Copy material originating in the beauty of the female body, mostly from commercial nude photography and the population as having primarily political purpose consists of photocopies of underage women of childbearing age, on the one hand, the disfiguring effects of diseases such as scrofula, rickets, and the like can be illustrated visually.
addition, but also highlights the smallest and most trivial irregularities, such as garter marks, lateral folds of skin during flexion of the trunk "or the truly horrible" furrow "around the waist. "To the male forms reminiscent" of a nude model to summon the newly discovered disease of the virilism (Fig. 4) herau23 The captions comment on the figures in the factual tone of a medical Protocol: "14 year-old girl with a good removal of the breast toward the anterior axillary line on the right (Austrian)", "North German of 16 with high set breasts," "Munich woman of 16 with low set breasts," "Well-built chest", "Bad built breast, "etc. Meticulous anatomical descriptions and" purely aesthetic "
opinions of the respective body parts, from top to bottom, treated, make up the bulk of the text corpus. 
The medical view transforms any contemporary nudes thus pathological case studies
and authorizes the lay observer ,
less the "beauty" rather than to enjoy to verify a critical expert eye defects and deficiencies The verdict is relentless. 25 years of a hundred women were only five built "normal". The calculation of "Beauty normal value" is not achieved by purely statistical methods, but this takes the physician an "artistic" process, namely a strict selection before all those who had "lost the right to normalcy." While the legendary sculptor Zeuxis the Ideal synthetic, by combining the respective principal roles of five women reached, then at Stratz therefore a selective approach that draws attention to the useless "Committee" privileged.
The dedication demonstrated to the doctors the modern scientific impetus of the work. In the wake of heredity and degeneration teachings, the predecessors of today's genetics, advanced this to "social engineering" in that they are increasingly controlling the physical, racial and moral Public Health has been transferred. Stratz is about the current state of research well informed: he relies on well-known specialists of the "feminine", such as the French physician Henri Meige, Jean-Martin Charcot and Paul Richer, whose iconography de la Salpetriere frequently is cited, the English sexologist Havelock Ellis, the Italian doctors Mantegazza, Lombroso/Ferrero27 and many others. These authorities are, interestingly, led to guard against a possible accusation of anti-feminism, which could These kinds of studies to adhere to gender difference, such as when "old days" are the women do with monkeys or children has been compared to defend and the Scientific and objectives of its project to stress.
An important reference is the already earlier work by Alexander Walker "Analysis and classification of beauty in woman" .2 * The Scottish physiologist presented in the first half of the 19th century with his claim of a purely empirical appeal and beauty of scientific deduction female characteristics of anatomy, physiology and physiognomy of the connection to the French anthropology of the 18th Special Century ago. In him has Stratz to criticize only that he was still in three "species" of female beauty similar to the "organization" of the female body, namely a classified "locomotive, nutritional" and "mental systems" had, and consequently could not provide uniform proportions model . (He fails to recognize here that Walker also among the three that were designed according to the ages, temperaments and the ancient canonical models, his priorities was established. The "nutritious" function declared it the signifier of femininity per se, which by a predominance of movement or would even think organs are affected)
Stratz 'discussion of the different proportions systems and ICHR shows that he also in the 19th century so important area of Anthropomctrie well versed Among various models -. cite the methods of Topinard, Bertillon, Richer, Sargent, Hay, Langer, Merkel, etc. - he prefers the so-called "Fritschschcn key", named by the anthropologist Gustav Fritsch, his anthropometric-specific and logical findings in the measurement of human Bone, but also people living, had collected in South Africa. Although the example set in the publication of 1898 in detail, it was Stratz but only in the racial-scientific work of detailed information about his to the 15 numerical values be determined measurement with tape measure and calipers that are equally on the living body such as the photographic image of it, stripped worked or conducted was.
Stratz invokes the ancient sculptor Polyklet as the founder of anthropometry, as well as the Atlas, named after him by Gottfried Schadow Polyclet or the measure of the man after the sex and age, contrary to the projects, the ideal degree, "after the race" to determine, for Schadow but the man is the valid measure of the human, so the female body experiences in the numerous illustrations a more peripheral treatment. That
dimensions and proportions relative sizes and abstract will be, however, clearly on the last gallery, on the non-ideal types, but with name, age and origin called to see where figures are . There is contrasts among other things, a giant dwarf man, bringing the biologistic gender attributes prove to be (yet) from the "reality" deceivable.
Allen was special anthropologies it so the "natural" justification of hierarchies, which should be objectified by measuring and comparing A relatively smaller body size, especially size and weight of the brain -. therefore, the excessive skull measurements - thus came as a sign of inferiority of the female gender and non-white breeds.
also Stratz joins with his comparisons of the different physique of a man and woman of this research tradition. The "
Bartcls-Ploss " said extensive compendium of "the woman in nature-and Ethnology, 1885 for the first time he" [seemed Stratz is ultimately the most important l source of supply for all current know l concentrates of Ethnology and Anthropologie.34 The scientific interest in the global women's existence in it, especially the sexual-reproductive functions, as it is, a female "nature" in front of all civilization impairment and the emancipatory claims of the time get hold of to be.
Therefore, it meets the authors is very pleased to be able to demonstrate empirically that women are employed everywhere in the main with the food supply and child rearing. Bartels-Ploss was long considered the authority on everything from the "woman question" related , it was a standard work in 1935 into English translated. example, called the sexologist Iwan Bloch it when he described the so-called "
missionary position " than "in ancient times and among various primitive peoples' prevailing, and therefore also for the" natural, instinctive position of civilized man "considered . While the first edition of Bartels-Ploss still seemed unimaged almost, given the later editions and other publications a sumptuous illustrations.
decisive for its broad reception of the Weimar to the Nazi regime was so "the exhibition value" of "foreign "and" other "people, such as he had in the late 19 been centuries in the Völkerschauen organized by Hagenbeck-beck37, was staged. Unlike Stratz in Ploss-Bartels, however, where no direct text-picture-reference: The photographs are there to illustrate rather than that they would have a reading or interpretation by the "knowing" look in the medical text comment
. In a separate chapter the "aesthetic view of the woman " , in which "racial beauty" is still valued relativistic, but nevertheless as a desideratum exact statistical measures called - and exactly what Stratz only a few years later should practice. Hence his studies were to femininity soon as basic literature that were read in gynecological medical, sexological or ethno-anthropological context often;. Even the socialist cultural researcher Edward Fox was referring frequently to "the deserving Stratz"
"The subterranean concern what we - his appearance - can expect from our opponent, and what this is imminent or be about to become, has motivated all physiognomic treatises
you swear that very reason is the contrary: the certainty of the judging subject Which excesses of this subject.. in the context of criminal anthropology and has led racism, [...] is also discussed as anything that relates to the artistic side of this view. "
In this quote a publishing advertisements that announce new releases of physiognomy, a separation is inscribed by
namely between poor - the criminological and racist - and good - the art - side of the classifying gaze is to be distinguished on the body This will be a pejorative
as "excess" means , appreciating the other requires no skill, since it is. something beautiful and ideal per se, because
"art" is .
I want this distinction in the following question. The medical view is
portrays herself as artistically creative, and vice versa, an aesthetic judgment prove scientifically rigorous objective and verifiable: The Explosive is the beauty of such research Stratz yes, that here entangle both perception of each other. The doctor pretends to be sincere art lover and connoisseur of what him to a merciless criticism of the lack of anatomical knowledge of modern, but also entitle older artists seems. Could be studied
already on Botticelli's Venus, the only pitiful "consumptive type," it should be especially the more modern and contemporary artists any sense of form has been lost.
Edward Burne-Jones as attested even a "correct" view in his drawings of nudes that he had neglected in the paintings reprehensible. Be contrasted with the "poorly built" modern body images with the "healthy" and "normal" patterns of the ancient world (Fig. 5). The entanglement of art with the medical Blick40 'is not meant just that artists in the long tradition of scientific construction of the body of Polykleitos on Leonardo and Dürer played an important role and haben41 students to become artists in the academic training, of course anatomy had.
With the increasing acceptance of evolutionary theories and doctrines to degeneration of the century doctors also far-ranging responsibilities in the socio-cultural attributed. This is illustrated by the fact that the concept of degeneration, initially used for abnormal tissue, was transferred soon from a physician in his opinion, decadent and harmful phenomena of art and culture: The doctor became a critic of civilization.
a special aggravation learned this new task in the "nature" of gender difference involved Sciences, more so than the traditional roles by the growing influence of the feminist movement has been called into question.
The medical work is connoted sexually as Hasselhorst painting of the section a "beautiful body" (Fig. '6) suggests. Only a cold dissecting gaze that penetrates the disguise, clothing and skin and into the body, "speculation" is it the secret of its beauty, synonymous with femininity and therefore brought to the secondary sexual characteristic, Rend . The woman portrayed here, Johann Christian Gustav Lucae, took part in the rest of fact in the scientific investigation of an aesthetics of the female body: He is the author of a treatise "On the anatomy of the female torso - for artists and anatomists ** One of psychoanalytic reading, according to Freud, it would certainly be instructive in that here the female - known to be a" character defect "- already prepared and is presented as a torso.
The more that modern medicine already by the increasing development of surgical techniques and optical instruments body images of plots of land, the sick and ugly produced, the greater seems just at this clientele's need for images of beauty, health and healing has become the subject sein.46 dissolution of a solid body schema in the modern art, as German Observers after 1871 in particular in French Impressionism suspected that the neglect of ideal beauty in realism and naturalism and against the "savagery" in the representation of the human figure for example, the anatomy professor Ernst Brücke wrote in his reception are also Stratz writing Beauty and errors of human shape.
Particularly reprehensible was an all too lifelike "Copies of the model" with all its natural defects, including even an unattractive appearance of the ulnar condyle at the wrist or a sharp elbows are expected .
The comparison between art and nature, or Natural product and artwork, as in a contemporary publication heißt48, who won by the new Reproduktionsimöglichkeiten photography at optical and argumentative clarity, the postulation of a male connotation, artistic superiority was about nature, especially on the Modells.49 Such a comparison who continues to write the Creator myth of Pygmalion, is also seen Stratz. He contrasts the Alma-Tadema's painting a sculptor's model, which reflects the origin of the statue of the Esquiline Venus in a studio scene with antique sculpture and model, a nude photograph of a so l7 years of Jewish girl like m Pose. By the supposed immediacy of the medium seems not only the transfer of "life" in "art" but rather the reverse of "art" in "life" from the viewer in the "comparative vision" to understand.
Stratz question goes a different path than Ernst bridge when it was not for the embellishment of reality in art, but for the perfection of the material and the material, pleaded by the preferred artistic object, the female body, redefined and contoured One chapter is therefore the right model use;. expressly the use of juvenile body recommended, with the category The Beaute de Diable (Fig. 3), a distinguished-frivolous name for physically precocious girl of the lower class, a call for quick consumption, not too bad conscience
is given.
In setting the standard, the ideal female body beautiful, but at the same time the ugly and differing, non-discursive were normal. Only with the marble-smooth model of an ancient statue and perfectly staged photographs teen-slim body could, for example, the syndrome of "cellulitis" should be developed, suffer from the now supposedly 80 percent of all (western) women - even though it is by no means as the medical term suggests, to act, an inflammatory disease, and "it" does not even hurt. In Stratz 'comprehensive treatise, the term is not used, but in the strict rejection as the Venus of Willensdorfer or Rubens's conception of the body by himself and other authors (see you can whose "plump women" only with laughter or disgust, we read of bridge) are the female body denied all those properties that are reminiscent threatening to the "formless", "Material" and "motherly." The "disease "Cellulite is thus an act of visual perception and Preformative designation preceded by the it gives only its positivity and existence: the women in Rubens' time may have had many reasons to suffer from physical discomfort, but certainly not to the excess fat around hips and thighs!
That the permanent and showing mastery of the phallic female form confirms above all the male bonding between author and reader or viewer ,
(not sure of a positive man-woman relationship) , a significant omission in the medical discourse Stratz ' . illustrate Despite the profusion of images he denied the viewer a look at the place of female "castration", which according to Freud's Medusa effect upon the certainty their own masculine identity possible at all. With all else the day down thoroughness of the investigation - one should not forget that he had been trained as a gynecologist - he avoids any views of female genitalia.
This particular "specularity" of the female was about Lombroso issue in a prominent position on the first panel of his book depicted vulvas and labia, whose shape could shed light on the moral and racial constitution of the person. interested Nor can Stratz apparent to the Charcot-mimetic produced theatrical and photographic held views of the "hysteria", the Localization was known made since ancient times in the uterus or other female sensibilities, and he certainly among the "flaws" could be subsumed. The chrono photographically produced motion studies of the iconography de la Salpetriere are only mentioned in the text, but not pictured, in my view, because they oppose the closed and Phallic the ideal beautiful female form.
will contrast the monotone submitted in demonstration of always the same sequence of images, namely first a clothed, undressed, then, then an outline, and finally reduced to a Proportionsscherna FIG motion carried, which can be understood as a "revelation" and "enlightenment" of the respective underlying. will be given You can see not only the voyeuristic
"seeing through clothes" , but looking as detected by X-ray eye - just, 1895, the X-rays had been discovered - in addition to the mistakes and shortcomings in the form of even size and proportions of bone with it. staged a dramatic image relentlessly repeated and repeatable, almost ritualized gesture of a medical-anatomical section, "the image", "in effigy." The doctor will contact the identified, scientific gaze of the viewer with a magical Power over life and death fitted.
The operation is a movement to death so far as the still bodies, measuring, classifying, managing and utilizing the body is structurally practiced here. . It is the practice of anthropologists and ethnologists in the colonies, the Stratz here gone through the female race body "and in particular result was achieved in the concentration camps in the Annex to the dialectic of Enlightenment wrote Adorno
"
The Jewish tradition, the fear gives to measure a man by the yardstick because they measure the dead -.. for the coffin This is it, what are the manipulators of the (female) body, measure your pleasure the other, without knowing it, have the look of the coffin-maker. "
Some of the special" friends "of feminine beauty at the turn of century later published in the era of National Socialism, its population politically motivated work on race and body beauty.
A
Art Professor Schultze-Naumburg , a member of the Expert Advisory Committee on Population and racial politics of the Reich Minister of Home Affairs, Working Group III: education, women and mothers, welfare His work "The culture of the female body as the basis of women's clothing" of 1901. style and argument not too different from his Hetztiraden later in art and race of 1928:
These are the same principles of defamatory comparison of body images that are to be perceived by the viewer as beautiful or ugly, good or bad, healthy or ill applied, . In his book "The Northern Beauty" from 1932, therefore, finds the Aryan master look-resistant, steel blue and pervasive presence - staged during the sub-humans with insecure-diffused, pinched, or crafty expression and barely discernible eye areas are trains from the viewer alike to racially biological factors (the Mongols eye fold, the Jew) as on moral political causes (the Asocial, the Communist, etc.) are to be returned.
The 30 years in the ideas enshrined in the general consciousness of the races will teach at Stratz generated by targeted use of visual media. Are in the beauty scale at the lowest settled women presented with images that match the representation style of medicine, anthropology and criminology: You are on the measuring stick, clothes heap at their feet, or photographed from the front, rear and side. These photographs is the violent procedure of its production to look much as it is obviously made against the will of the showing. Their images stored in the gestures of self-reluctance, fear, anger or even the ignorance of the aesthetic-cultural appointments of the white image producers can, however, be masters of discourse read as further evidence of a natural "ugliness".
A similar interpretation process is also in the image archives and Lombroso Tarnowsky / Ferrero effective where the grimacing faces distorted by people who fought against the fingerprinting procedures, were fixed to the visually detectable "signs of degeneration" of their genetic biology depravity. When presented by Stratz three black women, the man - probably in trouble - in the posture of the classical Three Graces by Canova brought group had, this is done with the intention to document the universal aspirations and the superiority of the white cultural patterns.
The more valuable race body in artistic nudes or folkloric presents disguised, and are therefore more pleasing to the viewer in Poznan. Face veil refer sometimes to the property of "shame" that the civilized man differs from the wild and, like the beauty and were declared visually identifiable by blush of contemporary physicians even to the secondary female character was. The "natural breed ideal" (Fig . 9), and only this is provided in the description with a "soul":
"
[...] only the nestling attitude and dreamy look reveals that lives in this body, a soft woman's soul."
a less "sensitive" approach: a bitten apple in the outstretched hand of not excessively friendly-looking model indicates that is the "importance" of a tempting Eve in the same costume.
Special anthropologies who are already in the 18th Century to the naturalization of power structures among the people was to be continued today in a subtle but highly consequential way, written in human biology, of evolutionary psychology, genetics and Industrieanthropometrie. Relatively "benign" examples of the racial-and gender-specific cognitive interests provided the latter one of its most prominent members, former director of the Federal Institute for Population Research, such as when he founded the "women-friendly" DIN height of kitchen sinks and explains the problems of construction of cars for the Asian market .
people should be put into "racial types" and "biological social types", such as when the "great scientist and lean" to "small, stocky and heavy drivers" will be contrasted. To date, circulating in the human biology textbooks racist and is "proven" with psychological tests or genetics, the "inferiority" of non-whites, homosexuals, the disabled and other others.
is therefore placed more than skepticism and distrust, if today in beautiful magazine-glossy images the scientific study of beauty is to be made attractive - its flip side, the discursive production, defamation and eradication of the Other, is always accompanied by her . To illustrate the current scientific debate about a "female" beauty I would therefore propose to include in the round of Venus and the cloned sheep Dolly with.
Dieter E. Zimmer: beauty - what is it? In: Time, l, 1996, magazine BEAUTY IS IN THE NATURE OF THE WOMAN OR THE EFFORTS OF MEN zealots, TO THE BEST PROPERTY TO CREATE,
TIME IN "BEAUTY OF THE WOMAN" AND NOW IN PLAYBOY "& CO. ?
2 "hirsutism, a male Körperbehaa
tion;. Occurs in women with hormone-containing
is disturbed (form of hypertrichosis)
" hypertrichosis, increased abnormal Be
pilous. Dr. George A. Narcissus: Knaurs dic tionary
medicine for everyone.
Munich 1988, p. 227 and 240
3 Naomi Wolf: The Beauty Myth. Reinbek
1991st Wolf is certainly the most prominent critic of the prevailing beauty
policy. . The Problema
tics is their argument in my opinion, however, represent
in that they confirmed their "debunking" the myth
its almost totalitarian power yet
A more nuanced discussion is
in: Francette Pacteau: The symptom of Be-
Auty. .. Men's Imagos of Women London 1994
4 Bernd Guggenberger. Just beautiful Beautiful
health as a social power, Hamburg 1995
not appeared for example in Goldmann Heyne, but in the red book
-Verlag,.. This book is an interesting document
at least for the gap, which has tan
between suspected Altachtund
-sixties men and feminism be
. Here are fighting bravely for the Sho
ne, good and true in woman who likes
also is compared to the wild or confused
why as Judith Butler's Gender Trou-ble
(dt and the Subversion of the sexes.
Frankfurt / M . 1991) aroused intense disgust:
"an unsurpassable example of how much energy the voluntaristic
Eskamotierung
the biology and the corresponding ideological feasibility
speeds and Veränderbarkeitswahn can go NEN
." Guggenberger, P. 252 To make matters worse
a continuation of the book is announced,
the last free and independent of feminist
shear criticism, or, in the words of the author:
the "billowing gun smoke of gender
terkrieges (if he will still waft)
[...], that ephemeral din and tumult, the
us obscures the view, "ibid, p. 247, on Sat
che come. By the way, seems to distance themselves
against former political ideals must
if now the elitist and undemocratic forms of beauty
the actual surface
fascination
5 Bernd Guggenberger. Are women more beautiful In: The TIME 01/05/1992. Apparently the author has
get this many letters by outraged readers, but we want to affirm his decision for this time and given the single figure
in his book, the anxious question, although the gender definitions of the 19 polar have
century (the beautiful women, men the stronger sex) out now
some criticism ...
6 See Anna Bergman: The rationalization of
shoots. Racial hygiene, eugenics and birth control
in the German Empire. Thesis FU Berlin
1988 (printed under the title: VER
guarded sexuality, the beginnings of modern birth control
Hamburg 1992..), Heidi
Kaup-Haas (eds.): Reaching for the population
population: Timeliness and Continuity nazisti-
shear population policy. Nördlingen 1986th
7 Carl Heinrich Stratz: The beauty of the female body
Chen. The mothers, doctors and artists dedicated
learning. Stuttgart, 1898, and references here. after the 13th
Edition, Stuttgart 1902 (44th edition, Stuttgart
1941), ibid: The beauty of the woman's race.
Stuttgart 1901, and references here. after the 5th Ed
Stutt gart 1904 (22nd ed Stuttgart 1941). Stratz
to recently see Susanne Regener: women, Phan
tome and clairvoyant. On the history of physics
physiognomy of the female. In: Claudia Schmöle-
cylinder (eds): The eccentric views.
conversation on physiognomy. Berlin 1996, p. 187-212, especially p.
195-198.
to discursive production of these specific
between sign of masculinity in an andro-centric
dominated scientific tradition
see Londa Schiebinger: Anatomy of the difference
conference. Race and gender in the natural sciences
science of the 18th Century. In:
feminist empirical studies, 11, 1993 (1), 48-64.
for the construction of the deviant and thus
"normality" producing only female
physiognomy are just as significant, but in the context of today's beauty
verständlicherwei
se did not name: Paula Tarnowsky: Etude sur les to-
thropometrique prostituees et les voleu
-ses. Paris 1889, cheri can with the help of thousands
characteristics like photographs of Russian crime
and prostitutes in their systematic
genetic detection and "screening" working
ended, and relating to it, Cesare
Lombroso, Giuglielmo Ferrero: Woman as
criminal and prostitute .
empirical studies Anthropology -.. Based on a presentation
of biology and psychology of the normal woman
Hamburg 1894 (At the time of writing this article
the first
Steckbriefe criminals run the world via the Internet)
Text Annegret Friedrich
